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Archives/edgar/data/1035002/000119312514065039/g680806680806z0032.gif' alt='Naphtha Cracking Reaction Chemistry' title='Naphtha Cracking Reaction Chemistry' />The American Petroleum Institute API is the only national trade association that represents all aspects of Americas oil and natural gas industry.Our more than.Understanding Naphtha and Ethane Cracking Processes By Frank Caprio On June 6, 2017.Ethylene because its molecules have very distinctive and useful chemical.Organic Chemistry GCE Study Buddy 1.Ethyl ethanoate is made by esterification.The table below gives the relative molecular masses for the reactants and products in the reaction.Mr ethanoic acid 6.In an experiment, 3.What was the percentage yield of ethyl ethanoate Propanoic acid has the following structural formula.Draw the structural formula of the ester formed when propanoic acid reacts with ethanol.Solution.Ethanol, C2. H5. OH is used in Brazil as a liquid fuel instead of gasoline petrol.The ethanol is manufactured by a fermentation process from sugar cane.How would you test for this gasWhen ethanol is completely burnt in air, it forms carbon dioxide and water.One mole of ethanol will release 1.J of heat energy during this reaction.Construct the balanced equation for the burning of ethanol.The mass of 1 litre of ethanol is 7.How much heat energy will be released when 1 litre 1dm.When completely burnt, 1 litre of gasoline releases 3.J of heat energy.Comparing ethanol and gasoline as liquid fuels, suggesti.Solution.A mixture of sugar cane which contains glucose with some yeast is allowed to ferment in a closed container in the absence of air for some time.Difference-Between-Combustion-and-Oxidation-Reactions-of-Ethanol-2.jpg' alt='Naphtha Cracking Reactions' title='Naphtha Cracking Reactions' />Naphtha Cracking Reaction Of AlkanesModern steam cracking plants are very large, usually producing 12 million tonnes of products annually and several have been built recently that can have an output of.Fluid catalytic cracking FCC is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries.It is widely used to convert the highboiling, high.C6.H1. 2O6 yeast 2.C2. Baixar Livros Gratis Gospel Em Pdf Files . H5. OH 2. CO2.This gas can be tested by passing it through limewater and the solution turns milky white precipitate formed2bi.C2.H5. OH l 3. O2 g 2.CO2 g 3.H2. O l2bii.Mr of ethanol 2 x 1.J2ci.Burning ethanol produces less carbon dioxide, which is one of the components responsible for the Greenhouse effect.Burning gasoline produces more energy.The following questions refer to compounds with the structures drawn below.Using the letters A to F as appropriate, answer the following.Which compound is an unsaturated hydrocarbon Which compounds are members of the same homologous seriesWhich compound reacts with sodium carbonate Which compounds are isomers of each other Solution.E3b.B, F3c. C3d.A, D4.Olive oil contains oleic acid which is unsaturated.By naming the reagent and giving the observation, describe a simple test to confirm that olive oil contains an acid.Explain what is meant by unsaturatedaiii.By naming the reagent and giving the observation, describe a simple test to confirm that oleic acid is unsaturated.The molecular formula of oleic acid is C1.H3.CO2. H. How many double bonds between carbon atoms are present in one molecule of oleic acidExplain your answer.Solution.Gas turns limewater milky.An unsaturated compound is one that contains multiple bonds eg double bonds.Explain If oleic acid does not contain CC double bond, its formula should be.C1.H3. 5CO2. H Cn.H2n1.CO2. H. Since its formula has 4 hydrogen less than 3.The structure of fluorochloroethane is shown belowa.Suggest a name for, and sketch the structure of, the macromolecule formed when fluorochloroethene polymerizes.When 2.Calculate the percentage yield.Name and give a use for a commercially available polymer containing a halogen.Solution.Block Usb Port Windows Xp Registry Editor .Theoretically, 2.Therefore yield 1.PVC.It is used as plastics.Ethyne, C2.H2, burns in oxygen to give a very hot flame.The temperature is so high that the flame can be used to cut metal.Name the two products of the complete combustion of ethyne.Describe a chemical test for one of these productsb.Calcium carbide, Ca.C2, is a greyish white solid.Ethyne can be made by the reaction of calcium carbide with water.Calcium hydroxide, CaOH2 is the other product of the reaction.Construct an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction between carlcium carbide and water.The mixture obtained after this reaction was tested using Universal Indicator.What was the final color of the Universal Indicator Explain your answer.Solution.Bubble the gas through limewater.A white precipitate would be observed.Ca.C2 s 2. H2. O l CaOH2 aq C2.H2 g6bii.Blue. CaOH2 is alkaline.The following terms are used in the description of organic compounds.From this list, choose two terms which can be applied to each of the compounds below.One of the general characteristics of homologous series is that all the members can be represented by a general formula.What is the general formula of the alkene series Give one other general characteristics of homologous series.Solution.Cn. H2n. 7bii. The members show similar chemical reactions.Heptane is an alkane with seven carbon atoms per molecule.It is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 1.C.Predict the results of the tests for both heptane and water.Fructose is a carbohydrate.One form of fructose has the following structure.Solution.C7.H1. 68aii. test 1 add anhydrous copperII sulphateheptane solid copperII sulphate remains white and insolublewater solid turns blue and then dissolves to give a blue solutiontest 2 ignite with a flameheptane burns with a luminous flamewater the flame dies off.C6.H1. 2O6. 8bii.The molecular formula seems to suggest 6 units of carbon, and hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 2 1 just like water C6H2.Hydrogen can be manufactured by the reaction between methane and steam.Name a source of the methane required for this reaction.Give the equation for this reaction between methane and steam.Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen, measured at r.Margarine is manufactured using the addition reaction between hydrogen and a vegetable oil.The diagram represents the structure of a common plastic.Name this plastic and draw the structure of the monomer from which it is made.This plastic is non biodegradable.Explain the meaning of this term and describe the problems which this property creates.If this plastic is burned, a thick, black smoke and a very acidic gas are produced.Solution.CH4 g H2. O g CO g 3.H2 g9aiii.Mr of CH4 1.CH4 1.H2 formed 3 molvolume of 1 mole of gas at r.H2 formed 3 x 2.Nickel catalyst, high pressure.PVC9cii.Non biodegradable means cannot be broken down by biochemical reactions by bacteria.Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.Ethene is made by the cracking of long chain hydrocarbon molecules such as C1.H3.Construct an equation to illustrate the cracking of C1.H3.Ethene is bubbled through aqueous bromine to form 1,2 dibromoethane.What would you observe during the reactionGive the name of the product and the conditions needed for the reaction of ethene with water.Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, measured at r.Ethene can be made into polyethene.Draw the structure of polyethene.Solution.An unsaturated compound is one that contains multiple bonds eg CC1.C1.H3. 4 3. C2.H4 C1.H2. Decolorization of brown bromine.C2.H4 g 3. O2 g 2.CO2 g 2.H2. O lMr of C2.H4 2.C2.H4 give 4. 8 dm.CO2 at r.C2. H4 give 1.CO2 at r. t. p. 1.The following is a list of formulae of organic compounds.CH3.COOHC5. H1. 2C2.H5.OHC3. H6. C7.H1. 4Which of the above formula fit the following descriptions VI to give ethanoic acid.Solution.CH3.COOH1. 1b. CH3.COOH or C2.H5. OH1.C3. H6 or.C7. H1.CH3.COOH and C2. H5.OH1.C3. H6 or C7.H1.C2. H5. OH1. 2.Ethanol, CH3.CH2.OH is a liquid fuel.Ethanol can be manufactured either from glucose C6.H1.O6 or from ethene.Briefly describe the manufacture of ethanol from glucose.Include the balanced equation in your answer.Draw the displayed formula for ethenebii.Name the substance that reacts with ethene to make ethanolbiii.Give the conditions needed for this reaction.Solution.Yeast cells are added to a solution of glucose.The mixture is kept at 1.C under anaerobic conditions.Glucose will be broken down by zymase enzyme in yeast cells to form ethanol and carbon dioxide.Ethanol is obtained by fractional distillation of the mixture.C6.H1. 2O6 2. C2.H5.OH CO2. C, 7.Styrene butadiene rubber is a synthetic rubber.It is made by polymerising a mixture of the monomers butadiene and styrene.What type of polymerization will take place when the monomers polymeriseCracking chemistry Wikipedia.In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organicmolecules such as kerogens or long chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon carbon bonds in the precursors.The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts.Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkanes and alkenes.Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a long chain of hydrocarbons into short ones.This process might require high temperatures and high pressure.More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term cracking is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis.Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, Diesel fuel, naphtha, and again yields LPG.History and patentseditAmong several variants of thermal cracking methods variously known as the Shukhov cracking process, Burton cracking process, Burton Humphreys cracking process, and Dubbs cracking process Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer, invented and patented the first in 1.Russian Empire, patent no.November 7, 1.One installation was used to a limited extent in Russia, but development was not followed up.In the first decade of the 2.American engineers William Merriam Burton and Robert E.Humphreys independently developed and patented a similar process as U.S.June 8, 1. 90. 8.Among its advantages was the fact that both the condenser and the boiler were continuously kept under pressure.In its earlier versions however, it was a batch process, rather than continuous, and many patents were to follow in the USA and Europe, though not all were practical.In 1.American Sinclair Oil Corporation visited Shukhov.Sinclair Oil apparently wished to suggest that the patent of Burton and Humphreys, in use by Standard Oil, was derived from Shukhovs patent for oil cracking, as described in the Russian patent.If that could be established, it could strengthen the hand of rival American companies wishing to invalidate the Burton Humphreys patent.In the event Shukhov satisfied the Americans that in principle Burtons method closely resembled his 1.Russian oil industry could easily build a cracking apparatus according to any of the described systems without being accused by the Americans of borrowing for free.At that time, just a few years after the Russian Revolution, Russia was desperate to develop industry and earn foreign exchange, so their oil industry eventually did obtain much of their technology from foreign companies, largely American.At about that time however, fluid catalytic cracking was being explored and developed and soon replaced most of the purely thermal cracking processes in the fossil fuel processing industry.The replacement was however not complete many types of cracking, including pure thermal cracking, still are in use, depending on the nature of the feedstock and the products required to satisfy market demands.Thermal cracking remains important however, for example in producing naphtha, gas oil, and coke, and more sophisticated forms of thermal cracking have been developed for various purposes.These include visbreaking, steam cracking, and coking.ChemistryeditA large number of chemical reactions take place during the cracking process, most of them based on free radicals.Computer simulations aimed at modeling what takes place during steam cracking have included hundreds or even thousands of reactions in their models.The main reactions that take place include InitiationeditIn these reactions a single molecule breaks apart into two free radicals.Only a small fraction of the feed molecules actually undergo initiation, but these reactions are necessary to produce the free radicals that drive the rest of the reactions.In steam cracking, initiation usually involves breaking a chemical bond between two carbon atoms, rather than the bond between a carbon and a hydrogen atom.CH3.CH3 2 CH3Hydrogen abstractioneditIn these reactions a free radical removes a hydrogen atom from another molecule, turning the second molecule into a free radical.CH3 CH3.CH3 CH4 CH3.CH2Radical decompositioneditIn these reactions a free radical breaks apart into two molecules, one an alkene, the other a free radical.This is the process that results in alkene products.CH3.CH2 CH2CH2 HRadical additioneditIn these reactions, the reverse of radical decomposition reactions, a radical reacts with an alkene to form a single, larger free radical.These processes are involved in forming the aromatic products that result when heavier feedstocks are used.CH3.CH2 CH2CH2 CH3.CH2.CH2. CH2TerminationeditIn these reactions two free radicals react with each other to produce products that are not free radicals.Two common forms of termination are recombination, where the two radicals combine to form one larger molecule, and disproportionation, where one radical transfers a hydrogen atom to the other, giving an alkene and an alkane.CH3 CH3.CH2 CH3.CH2. CH3.CH3. CH2 CH3.CH2 CH2CH2 CH3.CH3.Example cracking butaneeditThis section needs expansion.You can help by adding to it.April 2.There are three places where a butane molecule CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 might be split.Each has a distinct likelihood 4.CH3 CH2 bond.CH3 H2 CH2 CH3.Ultimately this produces an alkane and an alkene CH4 CH2CH CH3.CH2 CH2 bond.CH3 CH2 H2 CH3.Ultimately this produces an alkane and an alkene of different types CH3 CH3 CH2CH2.C H bond.HCH2 CH2 CH2 CH3.Ultimately this produces an alkene and hydrogen gas CH2CH CH2 CH3 H2.Cracking methodologieseditThermal methodseditThermal cracking was the first category of hydrocarbon cracking to be developed.Thermal cracking is an example of a reaction whose energetics are dominated by entropy S rather than by enthalpy H in the Gibbs Free Energy equation GH TS.Although the bond dissociation energy D for a carbon carbon single bond is relatively high about 3.Jmol and cracking is highly endothermic, the large positive entropy change resulting from the fragmentation of one large molecule into several smaller pieces, together with the extremely high temperature, makes TS term larger than the H term, thereby favoring the cracking reaction.Thermal crackingeditModern high pressure thermal cracking operates at absolute pressures of about 7,0.Pa.An overall process of disproportionation can be observed, where light, hydrogen rich products are formed at the expense of heavier molecules which condense and are depleted of hydrogen.The actual reaction is known as homolytic fission and produces alkenes, which are the basis for the economically important production of polymers.Thermal cracking is currently used to upgrade very heavy fractions or to produce light fractions or distillates, burner fuel andor petroleum coke.Two extremes of the thermal cracking in terms of product range are represented by the high temperature process called steam cracking or pyrolysis ca.C to 9.C or higher which produces valuable ethylene and other feedstocks for the petrochemical industry, and the milder temperature delayed coking ca.C which can produce, under the right conditions, valuable needle coke, a highly crystalline petroleum coke used in the production of electrodes for the steel and aluminium industries.William Merriam Burton developed one of the earliest thermal cracking processes in 1.F 3.C and an absolute pressure of 9.Pa and was known as the Burton process.Shortly thereafter, in 1.C.P. 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